Representation - any consideration of a 'collective identity' must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of a media text.
Mediation - The process of electing and shaping, creating meaning from an original event. An event which is mediated within the systems of values of an institution e.g. (News of the World, CH4 News). Their view is represented to the public. - Selection vs Rejection, Focussing, Organisation
Hebdidge - A subculture is a group of like minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and who develop a sense of identity which differs to the dominant on to which they belong.
Acland - Media representations of youth maintain social order/hegemony (the ones in control have the
most influence)
- Ideology of protection
Merrin - 'The media do not reflect and represent the reality of the public, but produce it, employing this simulation to justify their own continuing existence.'
Giroux - Youth becomes an empty category in representation and reflects adult concerns
Wilkins - Deviancy Amplification - A deviancy amplification spiral (also called deviance amplification) is a media hype phenomenon defined by media critics as a cycle of increasing numbers of reports on a category of antisocial behaviour or some other 'undesirable' event, leading to a moral panic.
Cohen - folk devils - group of people who are a threat to society
moral panic - leads from deviant behaviour
Deviance amplification - one deviant act initiates a spiral, more is reported
Althusser - Ideological state apparatus... Dominant ideology reinforced through different groups including the media.
David Buckingham - A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life and their consequences for social groups.
“media do not just offer us a transparent ‘window on the world’ but a mediated version of the world. They don’t just present reality, they re-present it”
- “Identity is complicated/complex.”
- "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life and their consequences for social groups”
David Gauntlett - identity is now consciously constructed and the media provides some of the tools to help us construct our identities. The media contains a huge number of messages about identity and acceptable lifestyles.
At the same time the public have their own diverse set of feelings. The media and media consumer are engaged in a dialogue in which neither overpowers the other.
Anthony Giddens - there is a social structure which shapes our lives ( traditions, institutions moral clades, established ways of doing things) but it relies on individuals following these structures.
When they act differently the social structure can change. Structuration is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship + social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people and can therefore change.
Gerbner - mean world syndrome - cultivation theory - people who consume a lot of media, specifically TV, overestimate the amount of crime/issues in the real world.
Any one text has minimal impact on the audience but repetitiveness (drip drip) will effect the audience.
Gramsci - Society is run by the ruling elite to make sure they keep their position.
Media is run by a small group who wish to maintain their position and status
hegemony - dominant ideology
Steve Anderson - younger people are becoming a lot more empowered because of social media platforms such as Facebook, twitter and blogging.
Laura Mulvey - Male Gaze -Audiences are positioned to view characters from the perspective of a heterosexual male, such as through the extensive use of focusing particularly on the curvature of the female body. - Leads to the objectification of women. Women viewers are made to view the product secondarily.
Hanson 1984 - female gaze
Uses & Gratifications Theory - Audience are active individuals rather than passive ones. They will select what they watch, will consume in different ways and believe
different things.
The Hypodermic Needle Model - Suggests that people just take in media passively (believing everything)
Reception Theory - Based on Stuart Halls encoding/decoding theory. The text is encoded by the producer and decoded by the reader. There may be differences between two readings of a text based on different audiences.
Saussure (1983) - "Audience can look at a media text from a syntactic point of view, just describing what they see, or from a representational or symbolic point of view where the attribute meaning to what they see"
Ann Gould - identified 6 key stereotypes- representation of youth - Rebellious, sexual, nihilistic, self-destructive, artificial tribe, violent
Ann Gould - identified 6 key stereotypes- representation of youth - Rebellious, sexual, nihilistic, self-destructive, artificial tribe, violent
Dyer (1979) - "Stereotypes are always about power: those with power stereotype those without power"
Scopophilia - deriving pleasure from looking. As an expression of sexuality, it refers to sexual pleasure derived from looking at erotic objects: erotic photographs, pornography, naked bodies, etc.
Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property; in the domain of the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children.
Gender Binary: Describes a system where a society splits its members of male and female sexes into gender roles, gender identities and attributes.
Genre Theory
Steve Neale - It is easy to underplay the differences within a genre. Steve Neale declares that:
"Genres are instances of repetition and difference" (Neale 1980, 48)
"Difference is absolutely essential to the economy of genre" (Neale 1980)
Toderov - "Any instances of genre will be necessarily different" (Toderov - cited in Gledhell, 1985, 60)
Lacey - There are repertoires of elements that work together to suggest genre, which are a useful framework to use for analysis
Setting
Character
Narrative
Iconography
Style
"Genres are not discrete systems consisting of a fixed number of listable items (Gledhill, 1985)
Chandler - It is difficult to make clear cut distinctions between one genre and another: genres overlap, and there are 'mixed genres' such as comedy thrillers (Chandler 2000)
Burton - Each text in a given genre shares particular key elements to make up the generic formula:
- Protagonists
- Stock characters
- Plots/Stock Situations
- Icons
- Background and Décor
- Themes
Narrative Theory
Meaning - Roland Barthes - texts me be open, unravelled in different ways, or closed. He also decide4ed that the threads that you pull on try and unravel meaning ate called narrative codes
Structure - Tvzetan Todorov - Texts are constructed around the basis scaffolding of equilibrium, disequilibrim, new equilibrium
Character - Vladimir Propp - produced a character typography of characters and their actions
Conflict and resolution - Claud Levi-Straus - recognised the constant creation of conflict/opposition propels narrative. Narrative can on end on a resolution of conflict.
Binary oppositions
good - add to this Gramsci hegemony....
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